Using the established model, locomotive traction shaft reliability is calculated and analyzed.
For example, very few of the studies reported the method of randomisation or whether the outcome measures used had established reliability and validity.
Although all of the scales we used have established reliability and validity estimates, we found that the number of trials categorized as high quality or low quality depended specifically on the scale that was applied.
It is important that only validated questionnaires are employed; otherwise, the outcome measures used have less established reliability and validity, data derived from them are subject to bias, and comparisons between the results of different studies are problematic.
This measure is widely used, has well established reliability and validity [ 6], and has previously been shown to be sensitive to detecting treatment effects [ 28]. 2. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) has 20 items and assesses self reported symptoms associated with depression [ 32], including affective, somatic, cognitive, motivational and interpersonal dimensions.
Unless the used outcome measures have established reliability and validity, data derived from them are subject to bias.
Objective monitoring of physical activity using pedometers has both convergent validity [ 30] and construct validity [ 31] and the pedometer model used for the study has established reliability [ 32]. i) Body mass index (BMI) Both height (in metres) and weight (in kilograms) were measured without shoes.
In some cases, the reliability of the measures was tested through internal consistency (Cronbach ά) and multi-item responses used to establish reliability within the studies.
Where possible, we used published measures with established reliability and international validity, including in Spain.
One study found that only 35% (47/133) of randomised trials in acute stroke used a measure with established reliability or validity.
