Immigrants have a mentality of optimism that originates from using the country of origin as a frame of comparison for evaluating their lives in the new country.
Using the country of birth variable from census data, we create a local government area (LGA -level measure of diversity (fractionaLGA -levelndex).
Using the country of Australia as an example, as shown in Fig. 1, the more enjoyment students have in learning science, the more likely they are to have higher science achievement.
Using the country of the last author as country of origin, or excluding Australian abstracts from the analysis did not change the results of any of the models.
3 We explored this using the country of birth variable in the Census and found this pattern was only evident for lung cancer.
Sex-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for each migrant cohort separately using the country of destination as a reference.
The use of a name-recognition algorithm on cancer incidence data permits the inclusion of second and subsequent generations of migrants in the analyses, unlike using the country of birth as a proxy for ethnicity.
For single-marker tests, we performed a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) meta-analysis, using the country of origin as the stratification variable, and a Breslow-Day test to assess homogeneity of the ORs.
We use the country of birth as a measure although ethnicity, race, religion, language, and/or nationality can also be used to assess this form of diversity.
Others have used the country of birth data to measure cultural diversity (Alesina et al. 2013; Bellini et al. 2013; Damelang and Haas 2012; Longhi 2013; Ottaviano and Peri 2006).
When both parents were of non-Dutch ethnicities, we used the country of birth of the mother to determine the ethnicity of the child.
