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Using the case definition developed by the Brighton Collaboration Working Group [ 24], we classified all identified cases into confirmed, probable and suspected, and used 3 levels of diagnostic certainty.
Using the case definition for disease surveillance developed by WHO, we defined confirmed EVD case-patients as persons (alive or dead) with suspected EVD whose samples were confirmed to be Ebola virus positive by laboratory testing (1, 2 ).
In accordance with recommendations from the Ministry of Health of China, local disease control centers were asked to investigate all institutional or community outbreaks (e.g., associated with particular schools or shared public transport vehicles) by using the case definition for acute respiratory illness (ARI).
Through an iterative process, a combination of ICD-9 codes and measured fever at the time of visit yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity using the case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI) found in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) ILInet surveillance system.
One has to bear in mind, though, that most cases came from one extended family, so that HCWs using the case definition on its members had the benefit of an increased prior probability, which likely made the case definition more efficacious than in an outbreak with many transmission chains of unknown origin.
Residents of Ontario, Canada have universal access to hospital-based care including ED and other ambulatory visits and as such, this study captured all patients with a brain tumour as identified using the case definition below between fiscal years 2003/04 and 2009/10 in Ontario, Canada.
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Periodontal disease status was assessed using the case definitions recommended for periodontitis surveillance by the CDC Periodontitis Workgroup (CDC/AAP) ([ 17]. The CDC/AAP case definitions require information from two interproximal sites (DF, MF, ML, and/or DL) and are not dependent upon the presence of an adjacent tooth.
For defining HPS we used the case definition criteria published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDCC) [ 19].
To enable a valid comparison of circa 2000 and circa 2010 gastroenteritis estimates, we used the case definition from the earlier study (13, 14 ).
Because there was insufficient information available to apply for all cases the latest AIDS case definition, we chose to use the case definition that was in effect in each period studied [ 9].
This is the first study to use the case definition developed by CDC in 2004 [ 13] to enroll the acute newly infected cases to help identify accurately the true risk factors for HCV infection.
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