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Using the average rate of DCF-DA fluorescence in whole worms as proxy for ROS flux, we found a statistically significant, linear increase in ROS production with age (Figure 4A).
Trees with unequal-length branches more closely approximate empirical datasets; thus, we simulated datasets on the 27-taxon plethodontid salamander phylogeny of Mueller et al. [35] using parameters for five mitochondrial genes with branch lengths set using the average rate for each gene and estimated divergence dates [21].
As the relative rates are scaled to have mean 1, parameters (θs and τs) are all defined using the average rate across all loci.
Cd translocation rates (ng g dry wt-1 d-1) between plant parts in different growth stages were calculated using the average rate of net ion uptake J(R) [ 46].
To correct the effects of the tolbutamide studies, we converted their values of SI (tolbutamide) to the approximate estimates of SI (insulin) using the average rate of decline (25.9%) calculated from the data in the two references noted above (12, 13).
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Trees used for simulations were again clock-like and ultrametric, with branch lengths calculated using the average rates of substitution for five mitochondrial genes (atp6, cob, cox3, nad1, and nad2) (0.617, 0.640, 0.426, 0.426, and 0.366 substitutions/site respectively) and the divergence dates estimated by Mueller [21] (Figure 1b).
Thus we use the average rate users visit Digg, rather than having the rate depend on the number of fans a user has.
Finally, for each species, we averaged the rate of mutation of the loci presenting a significant difference between RST and FST to compute a rough lower bound of the time elapsed since the divergence of populations, and we used the average rate of mutation of the other loci to compute a rough upper bound of this time.
In summary we will use the average rate δ C L = 7. 5 × 1 0 − 4 s−1 for the receptor-dependent rate of LH clearance.
In 2010, the mean direct medical costs to the healthcare system per case of ambulatory DF, hospitalized DF, and DHF (in Colombian pesos converted to US dollars using the average exchange rate for 2012) were $52.8, $235.8, and $1,512.2, respectively.
All costs were calculated in pesos and then converted to US dollars (US$) using the average exchange rate for 2012 (1,798.23 pesos per 1 US$).
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