Ca2+ changes were measured in individual oocytes by fluorescence microscopy using the Ca2+ indicator Fura-2 (Invitrogen-Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR).
The resulting changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration were monitored using the Ca2+ indicator Fluo-4, and the responses of untransfected and transfected cells in the same dishes were directly compared.
The production of infectious virus in cells transfected with pLAI was confirmed by assays of the cell culture supernatant using the P4R5 indicator cell line (data not shown).
A subset of data included in this manuscript was recorded using the [Ca2+]i indicator fluo-3 on an Olympus BX61W1 upright laser-scanning confocal microscope using the FluoView acquisition system (excitation/emission of 488/535 nm; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) as described previously [6].
Intracellular Ca2+ in RAW 264.7 cells was measured fluorometrically using the Ca2+ indicator Fura-2.
We measured [Ca2+] i levels using the Ca2+ indicator fura-4.
Intracellular Ca2+ levels in astrocytes were monitored using the Ca2+ indicator fluo-3 (Parpura et al., 1994; Parpura and Haydon, 2000).
We performed Ca2+ imaging of sensory neuron dendrites using the Ca2+ indicator G-CaMP (Nakai et al. 2001) in dOr22a neurons.
ERK activation was monitored using the EKAREV FRET reporter (Albeck et al., 2013; Komatsu et al., 2011) and Ca2+ activation was monitored using the Ca2+ indicator dye Fluo-4 using the published protocol (Invitrogen).
Ca2+cyt levels in somata of cultured solitary astrocytes were assessed using the Ca2+ indicator fluo-3 as described earlier (Hua et al., 2004; Montana et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2008).
To test this hypothesis we performed live cell Ca2+ imaging using the Ca2+ indicator dye Fura-2 to determine the effect of LrB on changes in [Ca2+]i in the presence of intracellular Ca2+ store depletion by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase [ 36, 37].
