ChIP DNA was analyzed by qPCR using specific primers, and the data were normalized by input DNA.
An early, fast and specific detection of C. arthromitus using specific primers and probes, are important goals for the aquaculture sector.
Virulence genes were amplified by PCR using specific primers, and five typical virulence genes of the Harveyi clade, luxR, toxRvh, chiA, serine protease and vhh, were detected in all pathogenic isolates.
The transcript level of the Z3 gene was examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using specific primers, and Ubiquitin5 (UBQ5) (GenBank accession number: AK061988) or Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (GenBank accession number: AK064960) was used for a loading control as previously described (Jain et al. 2006).
Amplification was carried out using specific primers and the qPCR conditions as described above.
Quantitative RT-PCR was performed as published [28], [29], [33] using specific primers and probes.
The ECFP transgene was assayed using specific primers, and differences in input DNA were normalized using an endogenous reference gene, Folh1, in separate wells.
Expression of 250 miRNAs was analyzed using specific primers and TaqMan probe for each miRNA according to the TaqMan MicroRNA Assay protocol, as previously described [62].
Amplification of the corresponding genes was achieved using specific primers and probe set and measured continuously using an ABI 7900 HTI Detection System.
The APT-1 cDNA containing a Hisx6 tag was obtained by RT-PCR using specific primers and RNA from HeLa cells.
As the first step, the ITS region of all diploid genotypes was amplified using specific primers and four PCR products from individual PCR reactions of each accession were used for direct Sanger sequencing.
