Sentence examples for using proxy measures of from inspiring English sources

The nutrient status of an animal can be measured in various ways, including tissue biopsy (e.g. liver biopsy for copper, muscle biopsy for taurine), measurement of the nutrient in either plasma or urine, and using proxy measures of nutritional adequacy (e.g. urinary methylmalonic acid for cobalamin status, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase measurement for selenium status) [ 14].

Covariate adjustment using proxy measures of physician "practice style" is not needed.

Categorisation using proxy measures of specialisation, such as hospital type, location, size, association with teaching facilities, caseload and selection, deflects attention away from the process of appropriate and adequate care to the structure of care delivery.

Unlike much previous research using country of birth and deaths data, where wariness about data artefacts, particularly numerator and denominator mismatch bias, 3 16 cautions against accepting large variations as correct, 5 this linked cohort analysis indicates that differences are possibly even larger then reported hitherto using proxy measures of ethnicity.

In our study, though we use proxy measures of preference which may introduce additional noise, we still find evidence of an unobserved entrepreneurial ability affecting occupational choice, and the evidence persists even after controlling for taste for variety and risk aversion.

Second, we demonstrated improvements in β-cell function under TZD treatment using two validated, widely used proxy measures of β-cell function, namely IGI and PI.

Some of these studies used proxy measures of social capital [ 6, 7], such as crime rate [ 1], electoral participation [ 1, 5] or volunteer activity [ 3- 5].

While there is evidence to suggest that behavioural intention is a reliable proxy for actual clinical behaviour, the validity of other frequently used proxy measures of behaviour – like patient vignettes – is less well established.

5 In this paper, we report on the development of one such summary statistic, which aims to (unlike the currently used proxy measures of harm such as Hospital Standardised Mortality Ratios) provide a more direct measure of safety.

Most of these studies have used proxy measures of exposure to traffic-related air pollution, and results have been mixed (Crosignani et al. 2004; Harrison et al. 1999; Knox 2006; Nordlinder and Jarvholm 1997; Pearson et al. 2000; Raaschou-Nielsen et al. 2001; Reynolds et al. 2002; Steffen et al. 2004).

Women's educational attainment is the most often used proxy measure of women's status.