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For PON1 Q192R genotyping, PCRs were performed on Robocycler® Gradient 96 (Stratagene®, La Jolla, CA, USA) using primers described by Pinizzotto et al. [9].
ISSR diversity was assessed using primers described by Poulin et al. [12].
The gp60 gene was also amplified by PCR by using primers described by Ong and Isaac-Renton (5 ).
PCR detection of the target species was performed using primers described by Igarashi et al. [ 8, 10].
Initial amplification as well as nested PCR was done using primers described by Jhavar et al. [ 16].
S. pneumoniae isolates were serotyped by performing a series of PCRs using primers described by Pai et al (8 ).
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We used primers described by du Plessis et al. (14 ) for pbp1a and those described by Gherardi et al. (15 ) for pbp2b and pbp2x.
For expression analysis of LINE L1, MusD/ETn and pericentromeric γ-satellite sequences (MSAT) we used primers described by Changolkar et al. [ 56].
For all 8 isolates, PCRs aimed at detecting carbapenemase genes, using primers described elsewhere (7 ), followed by sequencing, led to identification of the blaNDM-1 gene.
The quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE were amplified by using primers described previously (8 ).
Germinated F1 seedlings were screened for the presence of the paternal allele by PCR using primers described above.
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