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We employed both strategies to study SpRunt function, using morpholinos that target sequences within exon 1 (m2, m2, and m3) and the first two exon-intron junctions (m4 and m5; Figure 1A).
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It was using morpholinos that the provisional gene regulatory "blueprint" of the Ciona embryo was generated.
We designed one translation-inhibitory morpholino (MO1) and two splicing-inhibitory morpholinos that target the splice donor site of exon E5 (Mor) or exon E1 (MO3) (Fig. 2A, see Fig. S1A in the supplementary material).
To elucidate the functions of the three zebrafish meprins in vivo, we created knockdown embryos using morpholinos targeting each protease specifically [24].
We next confirmed the possible interaction of Wtip and Vangl2 through combined loss-of-function experiments using morpholinos targeting both wtip and vangl2.
To analyze the endogenous function of Fz4-v1 during Xenopus embryogenesis we performed antisense morpholino knock-down experiments using a translation-blocking morpholino that targets the 5′-UTR.
They created and characterized zebrafish with reduced expression of the orthologous pnpla6 gene by using morpholino oligonucleotides targeting the pnpla6 mRNA translational start site.
To phenocopy the tmod4 trg phenotype, knockdown experiments using morpholino-antisense-oligonucleotides targeting the translation initiation codon of the tmod4 transcript were performed.
To determine the effect of Pak1 knockdown, we designed a Pak1-specific morpholino that targets Pak1 mRNA sequences surrounding the ATG start codon.
First, we designed a second morpholino that targets a different sequence in zebrafish Pak1 mRNA, a 5' intron/exon splice site (MO2).
Eight genes were chosen at random and targeted for knockdown using morpholinos.
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