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This paper presents an approach to model - the dry contact interfaces using localized non-homogenous discrete elements and the material behaviour of composite structures using equivalent classical laminate technique.
For intense shaking, the nonlinear effects, including gapping, sliding and uplift, are greatest in the immediate vicinity of the soil-structure boundary, and these cannot be captured using equivalent-linear techniques.
Serum cortisol levels, physiological parameters and behavior were used to assess stress experienced by cats examined using equivalent low stress handling techniques in two different environments: their home and an idealized veterinary clinic setting.
The tunable distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor lasers with cascaded configuration were designed and fabricated using equivalent phase shift (EPS) technique.
It has also been shown how the problem for individual constraints could be recast into an equivalent waterfilling problem by using the technique of equivalent powers and equivalent channels.
A response equation for the mean square deflection σ2 is obtained under a single mode approximation by using the equivalent linearization technique.
In addition, the results show that the indirect modeling of inherent spatial variability using the equivalent variance technique with the simplified form of variance reduction function in RBD might lead to relatively conservative designs in design practice.
Comparison of the numerical and experimental results shows that applying the lumped parameter model with p-y curve PSI element to simulate soil-pile-upper structure interaction can obtain much higher accuracy than using the equivalent pile technique.
Additionally, Skoczenski and Norcia (1998) measured internal noise in infants using an equivalent noise technique with visually evoked potential (VEP) responses and reported that high levels of internal noise in infancy limited contrast sensitivity.
Cascading them together is equivalent to using the same techniques repeatedly, hence contributing little to performance improvement.
Note that an equivalent technique has been used to measure the retardance of half-wave retarders with monochromatic light [22].
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