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Displacements were measured simultaneously using displacement sensors and image correlation.
Stress intensity factors are calculated directly using displacement extrapolation by displacement field near crack tip.
The frequencies equations are obtained by using displacement functions and one electric potential function.
The axial loading was increased gradually using displacement control at a displacement rate of 0.5 mm/min.
The vertical and sectional deformations were measured using displacement gauges under the full weight load condition.
Tensile tests were conducted using displacement control at a rate of 5 mm/min.
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The fluid domain is modeled using displacement-based fluid elements.
Beams and columns were modeled using displacement-based beam column fiber elements that could provide the desired nonlinear characteristics needed for progressive collapse analysis.
The results of a nonlinear analysis using displacement-based elements with varying number of discretization of the elements is shown in Fig. 16.
These numerical pathologies are prone to appear in the simulation of nearly incompressible, thin-shell structures when using displacement-based formulations.
This study determined the number of compressive loading cycles required to precondition intact joints prior to imaging, the spatial distribution of displacements and strains in cartilage using displacement-encoded MRI, and the depth-dependency of these measures across specimens.
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