Total soluble protein (TSP) from maize seeds was extracted using an acidic buffer described by [ 11] for collagen preparation.
Cell lysates were prepared using the NP40 buffer described by Xirodimas et al (2001a) or by direct lysis in SDS PAGE loading buffer.
Grapes were grinded in liquid nitrogen, seeds removed, and then RNA extraction was carried out using the extraction buffer described by [ 121] with additional 0.8%PVP-40PVP-40
Leaves from the seedlings that survived the herbicide treatment were subsequently assayed for expression of the gusA gene; this was carried out following the histochemical staining procedure described by Jefferson et al. (1987) but using a modified extraction buffer described by Van Altvorst et al. (1995) and reducing the ferrocyanide solution 10-fold.
For each plant, a mixed organelle fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation using buffers and techniques described previously [ 42, 43].
The enzyme activities of citrate synthase and complex IV (ferrocytochrome c/oxygen oxidoreductase), and the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity of the F1F0 ATP synthase were determined by using buffer conditions as previously described by Rustin et al. (1994) [ 34].
At 4 weeks after treatment with drug, tumor xenografts were freshly removed, lysed using lysis buffer described above, followed by western blot detecting AKT phosphorylation and tubulin acetylation.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed using Mini Protean II cell equipment from BIO-RAD (Hercules, CA, USA) or equipment from LKB (Bromma, Sweden) using the buffer system described by Laemmli [35].
The activity of PGA was assayed in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) supplemented with penicillin G (2% solution) using the method described by [ 34].
Input and output signals are then aligned using the algorithm described by Rix et al. [29], taking also care of time-varying delays introduced by variable-length jitter buffers.
