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The incident beam was chopped using an optical chopper to avoid heating.
The cells were tested under visible light (≥425 nm) illumination; the light source was chopped using an optical chopper operating at a frequency of 14 Hz.
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The detector responsivity was measured by using an optical power meter (OPHIR, Vega), an optical chopper (Scitec Instruments, Model-300CD), and a Keithley 2400 apparatus under the dark room environment.
The EQE data were acquired using a lock-in amplifier (Stanford Research System, SR830) with an optical chopper unit (SR540) operated at 260 Hz chopping frequency and a 1Ω resistor in shunt connection to convert the photocurrent into voltage.
The setup mainly includes broadband tungsten halogen lamp as the light source (Ocean Optics), a monochromator (Oriel cornerstone), an optical chopper (Stanford Research), a lock-in amplifier (Stanford Research) and a silicon photo detector (Edmond Optics).
This algorithm was verified by conducting experiments with an optical chopper and a laser.
Laser was chopped by an optical chopper (Stanford Research SR540 Optical Chopper, Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, USA) at 3 Hz.
The output beam was passed through a monochromator followed by an optical chopper.
As a comparison, the common photocurrent (I PC ) is also measured with reference frequency of 220 Hz provided by an optical chopper.
The lasers were modulated with an optical chopper at a frequency of 2 Hz, such that only one laser wavelength was selected at one given time.
The draughtsman uses an optical device constructed as a frame.
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