The DOR was 16.87 times greater (95% CI: 7.03, 40.48) in studies that used contrast enhanced ultrasound rather than standard ultrasound; 2.65 (95% CI: 1.02, 6.90) times higher in studies in which there was no clinically significant delay between the index test and reference standard; and 7.14 (95% CI: 1.13, 50) times higher in studies that used an inappropriate reference standard.
Using an inappropriate substitution model may lead to bias.
The expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED1) genes were used to further confirm the validated candidate reference genes, showing that the use of an inappropriate reference gene may induce erroneous results.
In contrast, the use of an inappropriate reference gene like GAPDH led to significant erroneous estimation of differentially expressed genes.
As he stumbles in, handing her a half-drunk bottle of Jameson, he uses an inappropriate joke referencing his affinity for eating feline creatures as an off-color holiday greeting.
Sean Spicer: I mistakenly used an inappropriate and insensitive reference to the Holocaust, there is no comparison https://t.co/6SwTJwLWJw.
Spicer later apologized for his remarks several times, explaining that he "mistakenly used an inappropriate and insensitive reference to the Holocaust, for which, frankly, there is no comparison".
"I was obviously trying to make a point about the heinous acts that Assad had made against his own people last week using chemical weapons and gas, and frankly, I mistakenly used an inappropriate and insensitive reference to the Holocaust, for which, frankly, there is no comparison.
"I was obviously trying to make a point about the heinous acts that Assad had made against his own people last week using chemical weapons and gas, and frankly I mistakenly used an inappropriate and insensitive reference to the Holocaust, for which frankly there is no comparison.
In the meta-regression for obstetrics, only QUADAS item 3 (appropriate reference standard) had a marginal impact on diagnostic accuracy (p = 0.05), so that studies in which an inappropriate reference standard was used overestimated the diagnostic accuracy by 10%.
