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Our results indicate that using an external reference combined with a good quality reference genome could produce a list of the miRNA expressed in a specific tissue.
Let S1 be the number of sites that are incorrectly imputed when using an internal reference panel and let S2 be the number of sites incorrectly imputed when using an external reference panel.
This method estimated the proportions of six cell types (monocytes, granulocytes, CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, NK cells, and B cells) for each individual based on their genome-wide methylation signatures, using an external reference inferred from sample profiles of cell-specific methylation [ 125].
Another contribution to the overestimation may arise from using the minimum moment of inertia axes to calculate the order parameter; and redefining the internal director n of the ensemble at every time interval rather than using an external reference frame inherently maximises the order parameter calculated for the system.
In the case of tests using an external reference, rejecting the null hypothesis (i.e. a uniform SIR of 1 irrespective of the estimated dose) might evidence the existence of a trend in the relative risk with the estimated dose, or might be due to an excess risk in the overall study area compared to the whole of France, which was considered as the external reference in the study.
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Many of the cohort and record linkage studies used an external reference population to calculate the expected cases.
Finally, it may be worth considering an alternative study design that uses an external reference standard, such as blood inflammatory markers which may assist the analysis by identifying systemic inflammatory cases.
However, the tibial cut was aligned using an external tibial reference frame and we did not detect any systematic errors, therefore, we are confident the tibial cuts were perpendicular within a few degrees as with any total knee system.
Colombo et al. [30] used quantitative 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR) for the quantification of fructose and ethanol in wines using as an external reference the 13C qNMR spectrum of a sample of known concentration.
Luciferase (Luc, Promega, Madison, WI, US) was used as an external reference to normalize relative gene expression during embryonic development.
We used peak areas for quantification of L-arginine concentrations, using an external standard as reference.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com