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This study first explores physical properties of relaxation and diffusion models where the temporal derivative was defined recently using an exponential kernel.
Incorporating the effect of movement restrictions on transmission between farms had little effect on the model predictions using a Gaussian kernel (Figure 4A and 4B and Figure 5) and only a small effect on those using an exponential kernel (Figure 4C and 4D and Figure 5).
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Primer efficiencies were determined using an exponential cDNA dilution series.
In this paper, we set a weak delay kernel, that is, an exponential kernel.
Analytical analysis shows that the Caputo type derivative model with an exponential kernel cannot characterize non-exponential dynamics well-documented in anomalous relaxation and diffusion.
Comparison of the transmission kernels indicates that a Gaussian kernel yields the best fit for a given demographic model, followed by an exponential kernel, with a fat-tailed kernel yielding the poorest fit (Figure 2A).
Moreover, a Gaussian kernel captured the observed spread of BTV-8 in GB during 2007 (Figure 3A and Figure 4A), as did an exponential kernel (Figure 4B and Figure 5B), while a fat-tailed kernel or that derived for FMD did not (Figure 4E and 4G and Figure 5).
Moreover, for the particular kernels that we studied, we show that the variations in proportions of propagules from A are monotonic between xB and +∞ with (i) a decrease towards 0 for thin-tailed exponential power kernels, (ii) a constant value for an exponential kernel and (iii) an increase towards 1/2 for fat-tailed exponential power kernels and power-law kernels (Methods and Figure 1).
A single parameter representing an exponential kernel replaces the two weight parameters (w 1 and w 2).
The seed dispersal kernel was modeled as pollen dispersal using the exponential kernel described by eqn 4.
Finally, the coarser resolution observation scale corresponds to the spatially smoothed/time-averaged data, which was obtained by spatially smoothing the time-averaged data using a 25 km exponential kernel function.
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