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Service costs will be calculated by attaching unit costs to data reported on the CSRI using, wherever possible, national unit costs from publicly-available sources or estimated using an equivalent approach [ 36, 37].
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Here, we used an equivalent approach.
We used an equivalent approach using last positive copy number from episodes to estimate a late decay slope.
The sliding mode dynamics are derived using an equivalent control approach, and the Lyapunov Razumikhin approach is exploited to analyse the stability of the sliding motion.
An analysis of leakage currents in bipolar systems is carried out, using an equivalent circuit approach.
The contribution of phase change to the heat released during the cell operation is modeled using an equivalent enthalpy approach.
Using an equivalent circuit approach, we analyse quantitatively how the main features of the current voltage curves relate to semiconductor properties such as carrier mobility and threshold voltage – information that is essential to the design of such devices.
The natural frequencies corresponding to axial torsional (extension twist) coupled motion of a helical spring, or the corresponding motion induced through material coupling in a composite bar, are considered using an equivalent continuum approach.
The theoretical BRB end moments using such an equivalent approach are validated experimentally and numerically.
This involves finding the SINR in each channel estimation tile and averaging these SINR values over all tiles using an equivalent mutual information approach [39].
The fracture properties were obtained by flexure tests on notched beams and the increase in fracture resistance with crack length was determined using an equivalent elastic crack approach.
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