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The Reduced Cross-Section Method (RCSM) provides a popular method for the design of timber members exposed to fire, using an effective cross-section and mechanical properties at normal temperature.
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We also discuss the fact that in measurement of efficiency versus lifetime, an effective cross-section must be used which incorporates feedings by the mother nucleus and occasionally of isomers of the nucleus investigated.
According to this new methodology, an effective cross-section is calculated for Class 3 and Class 4 cross-sections and the yield strength at 2% total strain is used for Class 4 cross-sections as recommended by Eurocode 3 for the other section classes.
The European standard accounts for distortional buckling effects by reducing the effective area of flange stiffeners using an effective thickness method, and covers the effect of distortional global interaction by using the effective cross-section for overall buckling strength checks.
Moreover, the design of class 4 shapes uses the effective cross-section model to take the local buckling into consideration.
This generic approach is calibrated against test data, and a cross-section slenderness limit is proposed that delineates between a fully effective cross-section and a slender cross-section.
The ILRS has therefore set a minimum effective cross-section of 100 million square metres for the on-board laser retro-reflector arrays (LRAs) and further recommends the use of 'uncoated' cubes in the arrays.
A scheme for effective cross-section calculation in this type of reactions has been discussed.
To compare cross sections of dipoles with different radiuses, we use effective cross sections, which are calculated as begin{array}{*{20}l} Q_{text{ext}}&=C_{text{ext}}/A, end{array} (8).
It was found that the use of an effective activation cross-section calculated by MCNP was needed to consider the self-shielding effect.
And while cats barely flick the water, dogs use a wide cross-section of tongue to plunge into the liquid.
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