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If, however, an effective standard treatment exists, then a conventional randomized controlled trial using an active control could be ethical, but the circumstances of a pandemic might make it impossible, as I will show.
The new RFX load assembly characterized by a thin copper shell requires using an active control system for the plasma equilibrium.
Another reason for using an active control is that it would not be ethically sound to withhold smokers with airflow limitation from smoking cessation treatment.
The main strength of this trial was an elaborate multicentre RCT design within a routine care setting using an active control group, a prolonged follow-up and a strategy of video rating with fully blind assessors.
Using an active control program instead of the wait-list control methods used by the other programs meant that participants did not know which arm of the study they would be allocated to.
To investigate the additive benefit of positive imagery CBM when delivered prior to iCBT, compared with iCBT alone, using an active control for the CBM component of the intervention would similarly allow us to demonstrate that any additional effects of the positive imagery CBM were not simply due to non-specific factors, or any potential 'active' components shared with the control condition.
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In contrast to the ICH-E14 stipulated methodology, this study was not placebo-controlled or double-blinded, nor did it use an active control for the assessment of assay sensitivity 30, 35.
"If it's easier to do the trial if you use an active control rather than a placebo, then fine, do the trial that way," Smith says.
To control this in future, it would be recommended to use an "active" control group, in that controls are asked to do for example online games at the computer.
In this work, a method is proposed which uses an active control scheme to manipulate the acoustic boundary conditions of the test rig.
But at the meeting, Ripley Ballou from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), which has the Ebola vaccine furthest in development, won wide support for his argument that the fastest, most ethical way to assess whether the product works is with an RCT that uses an "active control"—such as a proven vaccine against an unrelated disease rather than a dummy placebo shot.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com