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Using a validated pain scale is critical to objectively evaluate pain intensity.
In the third study 30% of the surgically treated dogs were found to have signs of chronic pain when long-term outcome was evaluated at a mean of 2.7 years after surgery using a validated pain index [ 17].
Headache characteristics and headache type were assessed using a validated pain questionnaire for children and adolescents.
In order to limit the distribution of this variable, patients with ⩾9 segments were scored as 9. Baseline bone pain was evaluated using a validated pain questionnaire, as previously reported (Berruti et al, 2002).
Bone pain was evaluated at baseline and before each ZA administration (i.e., after 28, 56 and 84 days) using a validated pain questionnaire, as previously reported (Berruti et al, 2000).
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We induced tonic pain using a validated cold pressor test (CPT) [14, 15, 21].
Our primary outcome measure was the reduction in pain intensity using a validated measurement tool.
Pain was measured using a validated 11-point Numeric Rating Scale; satisfaction was measured using 11-point scales.
Abdominal pain scores were recorded using a validated questionnaire.
The intensity of the pain that the patients experienced and the degree to which it interfered with their activities of daily living were evaluated using a validated and previously published quantitative scale called the Zoster Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) [ 17].
This study has measured patient satisfaction with private physiotherapy for musculoskeletal pain in Ireland for the first time, using a validated physiotherapy-specific patient satisfaction questionnaire.
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