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Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured using a validated index developed by the Asociacion Mexicana de Agencias de Inteligencia AMAII) [ 20].
The survey included collection of baseline characteristics, including age, sex, education, clinical urgency as derived using a validated index (herein termed the CCN urgency rating scale), and a series of hypothetical patient scenarios (Table 1).
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The feeling of dry mouth was assessed using a validated xerostomia index [ 20].
We described individual-level SES using education as a proxy, and area-level SES using a validated composite index linking geocoded addresses to U.S. Census data.
One approach to this problem might be to adjust for overall risk of mortality using a validated risk index such as the VACS Index [ 82– 82].
In the third study 30% of the surgically treated dogs were found to have signs of chronic pain when long-term outcome was evaluated at a mean of 2.7 years after surgery using a validated pain index [ 17].
In this paper, we capitalise upon unique population-based, community- and individual-level data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey CHNSS) [ 10] to examine the association between urbanisation and diabetes using a validated, multidimensional urbanisation index [ 9].
The five domains of the EQ-5D-3L were used to produce a single index using a validated algorithm.
QoL was assessed using a validated instrument, the Functional Living Index – Cancer (FLIC) questionnaire.
HRQOL of 528 prostate cancer patients was analysed using a validated questionnaire (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite) before a curative treatment.
Leg-to-arm bioelectrical impedance was measured (Bodystat, Isle of Man, UK) and an estimate of fat mass derived using a validated equation; a fat mass index was derived (kg/m) that is independent of height (J. L. Clasey, unpublished data).
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