The fixed-length windows are mapped to sufficient statistics by using a universal background model (UBM) [43] which is a class-independent GMM with C Gaussians estimated with the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm [44] on the training data set.
The push-out bond strength test was performed using a universal testing machine (model 4411; Instron Corp., Canton, MA, USA).
The frictional test of each archwire-bracket interface was carried out using a universal testing machine (Model 5848 Micro Tester, Instron Corporation, Norwood, MA, USA).
The tensile properties such as tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM) and elongation at break (Eb %) of the scaffolds of γ-ray-irradiated and non-irradiated gelatin were measured using a universal testing machine (model: H50KS-0404, HounSeries Series S, UK) with 5,000 N load range at a crosshead speed of 20 mm/min.
Mechanical properties, viz., Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, stiffness, and percentage of elongation of the dried scaffold materials, were measured using a universal testing machine (model 1405, Instron Corporation, Norwood, MA, USA) at a crosshead speed of 5 mm min-1 at 25°C and 65% relative humidity.
The tensile test was carried out using a universal tensile machine (ENERPAC model No PUJ1200E) in accordance with ASTM D638 (ASTM 2013a).
The downside of the concentration on block trains and wagon groups is that there is a risk that rail is not able to compete for small and intermittent traffic flows using a universal train type product and service model.
The compression behavior of the model was tested by using a universal mechanical testing system.
The electrical conductivity of these electrolytes is analyzed over a wide frequency range using a universal power law coupled with modified Poisson-Nernst-Planck model for electrode polarization.
Mathematical modeling of SP-BVPs is constructed by using a universal function approximation capability of ANNs in mean square sense.
