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In this study, the toughness is measured using a toughness index, which is defined as the ratio of area under the stress strain curve at a strain of 0.015 and the area at peak stress, as show in Fig. 15.
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A new characterisation method using toughness index was preliminarily attempted to introduce.
For each fruit, we took a photograph, noted color, measured fresh weight, length and diameter, and toughness using a penetrometer (mean of two measures).
"By using a magenta shade we wanted to convey toughness, as well".
In absolute terms, the width of the exocarp was also significantly greater in wild than in cultivated fruits (Fig. 2d), although we were unable to detect a consistent difference in the toughness of the exocarp using a penetrometer (Table 1).
Fracture toughness was measured by indentation using a Vickers indenter.
The numerical analyses and the experimental results presented in this study demonstrate that interfacial fracture toughness of bone and cement may be evaluated using a sandwich Brazilian disk specimen.
The most common method to measure toughness is to use the load-deflection curve obtained using a simply supported beam loaded at the third points (four-point bending).
Peak stress, toughness, physical measurements of cortical bone and Al.Eq density were found to be normally distributed and were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance.
That's because of the toughness of the glass used in their construction, according to Musk, who demonstrated the results of heavy impact from above, using a kettlebell as you can see in the video below.
The indentation on the polished specimens was carried out using a Vickers pyramidal microhardness indenter (MVK-H1, Akashi, Japan) at a load of 300 g for hardness and a 1 kg force for fracture toughness for 10 s.
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