Sentence examples for using a substitution rate from inspiring English sources

Using a substitution rate estimated from radiocarbon-dated North American brown bears [20], they estimated that the MRCA of the Eastern lineage (node I, Figure 3) existed 24 kyr BP (95% HPD: 6 50 kyr BP), with dates of 67 kyr BP (95% HPD: 20 131 kyr BP) for the Western lineage (node A) and 174 kyr BP (95% HPD: 61 314 kyr BP) for all European bears (node N).

Using a substitution rate calibrated by divergences between species may lead to an overestimation of recent divergence times [ 36].

Using a substitution rate derived from WSINE1 insertions, the ages of the subfamilies were estimated and correlated with a newly established phylogeny of Dasyuromorphia.

Using a substitution rate of 1,3 × 10-8 mutation/site/year [ 18], we estimated that Route66 has been active in rice in the last 230,000 years.

Using a substitution rate of 1.3 × 10− substitutions per site per year (Ma and Bennetzen 2004), the insertion date can be computed for each LTR-RT.

The observed divergence was translated into an insertion date using a substitution rate of 1.3 × 10−8 mutation/site/year (Ma and Bennetzen 2004).

The mean number of substitutions per site compared to the most common ancestor of each clade was calculated [62] and converted into time using a substitution rates of 1.26 × 10-8 [63].

Consequently, in our calculations of LTR-RE insertion dates, we used a substitution rate per year of 3.6 × 10−9.

In this case, we used a substitution rate of 5 × 10-8 [ 14], calculated based on sequence divergence between grey wolf and coyote.

The inferred Nicotiana neutral substitution rate distribution was then used as a substitution rate prior by BEAST to infer the tMRCA of the 10 sampled GRD3 sequences and the 12 sampled GRD5 sequences.

In particular we applied the GTR+G+CAT model: the General Time Reversible (GTR) was used as a substitution rate matrix; the rate heterogeneity across sites was modeled according to a gamma (G) distribution with four discrete categories; and the equilibrium frequency profile was modeled with a Dirichlet Process (DP).