For example, the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of NCD risk factors uses a standard survey instrument and a methodology that can be adapted in different settings [ 17].
It used a standard survey questionnaire based on a comprehensive conceptual and logic model, applied Eurobarometer standards,,, and ensured consistency in data collection by using one European-wide represented agency.
Data on morbidity and health seeking behaviour were collected using a standard household survey administered at endline and a pictorial diary given to households over a six month period, collected at monthly intervals.
Trained interviewers, all retired health professionals (e.g., nurses and physicians), conducted in-person interviews using a standard baseline survey questionnaire to collect information on demographic characteristics, reproductive history, disease history, medication use, selected lifestyle factors, diet, use of complementary and alternative medicine, and quality of life.
Participants were drawn from a large UK military health study using a standard two phase survey technique stratified by deployment status and engagement type.
We extracted the useful data from eligible studies by using a standard information collection survey including the following items: first author's name, publication year, recruitment period, country of origin, follow-up time, number of patients, number of patients with ENE, and HR/OR with 95%% CI.
The sample size was estimated using a standard formula for cluster surveys [ 29].
We trained all interviewers using a standard protocol and implemented the survey 2 3 months after completion of training to minimize knowledge loss.
All articles that examined the relationship between continuous risk factors and health outcomes were surveyed using a standard proforma, with the focus on the primary risk factor.
