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The serum and SF FSTL1 concentrations were detected using a standard quantitative sandwich ELISA (Groundwork Biotechnology Diagnosticate, San Diego, CA, US) with a detection limit of 100 pg/ml.
Heritabilities were calculated using a standard quantitative genetic variance-components model implemented in SOLAR.
The best were tested by using a standard quantitative fit test, the Portacount Plus Respirator Fit Tester with N95-Companion (TSI, Shoreview, MN, USA) (10 ).
TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 levels in cell supernatants were measured using a standard quantitative sandwich ELISA (eBioscience, Vienna, Austria).
Serum FSTL1 levels were measured using a standard quantitative sandwich ELISA (Groundwork Biotechnology Diagnosticate, San Diego, CA, USA) with a 100 pg/ml detection limit of sensitivity.
Microvascular doppler flow was localized to either inside or outside the joint capsule, and estimated according to a grading from 1 to 4. Serum levels of VEGF were measured using a standard quantitative sandwich ELISA.
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ProtoLevel (PL) ranges from 0 to 100 and is used as a standard quantitative measure of the relative height of a cluster in the merging tree.
Each experiment was set up using a standard curve, with each quantitative point represented in triplicate.
The concentration of mtDNA was determined using a standard curve generated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) (construct plasmids (PGM-T) containing human or mouse mitochondrial CytoB gene sequences; the primers are provided in Table 1).
Sections were examined microscopically and changes recorded using a standard non-linear semi-quantitative scoring system using a scale from 0 to 5 adapted from Shackelford et al.
During lunar x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, concurrent monitoring of solar x-rays as well as in situ calibration of x-ray fluorescence using a standard sample is performed for quantitative elemental analysis.
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