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An up-sampling by a factor of 40 (i.e., 40 samples per symbol) and a pulse-shape filtering using a squared root-raised cosine filter with 12% roll-off are performed.
Suppose these output PDFs can be approximated using a square root B-spline model as γ ( z, u ( t ) ) = ∑ i = 1 3 v i ( u ( t ), F ) b i ( z ), where z is defined in [ 0, 1.5 ] and b i = { | sin 2 π z |, z ∈ [ 0.5 ( i − 1 ), 0.5 i ], 0, others.
For transmission, the analyses are performed using a square root transformation.
The startle data were not normally distributed, so they were normalized using a square root transformation.
For these analyses, 25(OH D values were transformed to reduce skewness using a square root transformation.
Distribution was skewed and kurtotic, hence analyses are transformed using a square root transformation, with back transformed results presented.
Anxious Arousal scores were positively skewed (skewness = 4.63) and were corrected using a square root transformation [ 48].
TAC-FRAS values were normalized using a log transformation and TAC-DPPH values were normalized using a square root transformation for the purpose of statistical analyses.
Similarly, the elevation covariate was transformed using a square root transformation after adding a constant to ensure a minimum value of one.
Brain glucose was transformed using a square root transformation (bGlu_sqrt) whereas a Log transformation was applied to the lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR_log).
Multivariable analyses were adjusted for WHO stage and CD4+ cell count (using a square root transformation) in addition to study strata [12].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com