Using a single-zone combustion model and established reaction rate mechanisms, the influences of the compression ratio, intake temperature, equivalence ratio, engine speed, and exhaust gas recirculation on the ignition time of two fuels, normal heptane and iso-octane, were studied.
The combustion process inside the engine was modeled using a single-zone HCCI model, and good qualitative agreement of pre-ignition pressure rise and heat release rate was found between experimental and modeling results using a detailed n-heptane/ethanol chemical kinetic model.
The air quality and fuel consumption impacts were estimated for these scenarios using a single-zone box model of indoor air quality and ratios of thermal efficiency.
Five replicate plants were measured in each zone using a single dark-adapted leaf for each replicate, utilizing the manufacturer's protocol.
Our exposure measure was based on buffer zones using a single geocoded point for the school, and does not take into account different entry/exit points that pupils may commonly use or the road network that pupils would traverse to access food outlets.
Of major concern for CO2 sequestration using a single well is the distribution of pressure and CO2 saturation within the injection zone.
The trigeminal nerve was targeted at the root exit zone with a total dose of 80 Gy to the 100%% isodose using a single 4-mm collimator.
A formulation for cohesive zone elements was developed in order to describe accurately the fatigue behavior using a single probabilistic model (see Section 2.1 of this manuscript).
Cohesive zone elements provide an approach to model fatigue cracks from the initiation until final fracture using a single probabilistic model.
