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The preference for an attack rate-based strategy using a single vaccine dose when vaccination coverage is high agrees with a recent study suggesting that targeting age groups at the highest risk of infection may be the optimal solution[33], but in our model, this is only the case when vaccine is available well before the epidemic peak.
These data demonstrate that multistage immunity against malaria can be achieved using a single vaccine platform that induces both strong antibody and T cell responses against the MSP-1 antigen.
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Using a single immunogen vaccine as the standard, the efficacy of a mixture as a function of the efficacy of a single immunogen vaccine has been plotted (Fig. 3a) or the increase required in immune response from a single immunogen vaccine to match the increased efficacy of a mixture ("relative immunogenicity", Fig. 3b).
Studies in which highly immunogenic and safe adjuvant formulations have been evaluated in comparative adjuvant trials in humans using a single candidate vaccine antigen against malaria, HIV, and prostate cancer with multiple adjuvants are reviewed.
In a previous study, Malling et al. [ 12] performed immunotherapy using a single species grass vaccine and demonstrated that it was equally effective in polysensitized and monosensitized subjects.
Another more recent example of a vaccine failure using a single S. aureus antigen is Merck's monovalent vaccine based on IsdB, a conserved iron-scavenging protein expressed on the surface of S. aureus which was identified using a novel screen for antigens which are highly expressed during infection.
Using a single booster.
Strengths of our study include the almost sole use of a single vaccine formulation thus simplifying interpretation and a well established system for monitoring of vaccine effectiveness that has been rehearsed across several seasons in Canada (since 2004).
A volume of 50 µl was used for the stimulation of a single vaccine or different combinations of DPT/Hib, DPT/PCV7, Hib/PCV7, and DTP/Hib/PCV7.
Therefore, great efforts have been directed toward improvement of these MAP vaccines by the incorporation of various functions into a single vaccine molecule using helper T-cell epitopes, immune-stimulant lipid moieties, or cell-penetrating peptides have been conducted.
We conclude by noting that while live viruses, such as HSV-2 0ΔNLS, are the basis of ∼75% of our effective viral vaccines [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], there is not a single vaccine in clinical use that contains a replication-defective virus.
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