In a study of the rubber hand illusion using a physical rubber hand and visuo-tactile stimulation, different levels of ownership were created and anxiety was induced by threatening to hurt the rubber hand with a needle [13].
The Trephor is a hand- sized tool with a cutting tube which is inserted into the wood using a rubber mallet.
We observed greater threat-evoked SCR in the illusion condition (i.e. when we used a rubber right hand) than in the three control conditions conducted with a rotated rubber right hand, a rubber left hand or a rubber right foot (N = 26, F 3, 75) = 7.452, p<0.001, repeated measures one-way ANOVA) (Figure 7).
Kalckert and Ehrsson, using a moving rubber hand setup, varied the relative timing of the figure movements, the mode of movement, and the position of the model hand.
Dummer et al. [9] carried out an experiment using a mechanical setup that moved a rubber hand synchronously or asynchronously with the hand movements of the subject, and compared each with a passive condition and the normal synchronous visuotactile rubber hand illusion.
In our fourth experiment we found that the mispointing in the direction of the rubber hand requires that a rubber hand be used that is from the same laterality as that of the real hand hidden from view, that is, the illusion does not occur when the right rubber hand is replaced with its left counterpart.
We have already seen the Rubber Hand illusion, which indicates that one can feel a rubber hand as one's own after only a couple of minutes of synchronous stroking of one's hand and a rubber hand.
The CCE has previously been used as a measure of the tactile mislocalisation of touch towards a rubber hand when a fake hand was either aligned or misaligned with subjects' own hands ([12], see also [15]).
Another study showed that using the so-called "rubber hand illusion" – where a subject watches researchers manipulate a rubber hand placed such that it seems like their own – can have the same impact.
