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The within-species pairwise differences in magnitude and orientation (three per species) were then statistically evaluated using a residual randomization procedure with 9,999 iterations as follows.
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To assess this quantitatively, I calculated summary variance statistics from the set of within-species pairwise differences in vector magnitudes and the set of within-species pairwise differences in vector orientation [ 57], which were then statistically assessed using the residual randomization procedure described above.
For intervention allocation a randomization list is drawn up using a computerized randomization computer program (Random Allocation Software version 1.0.0).
Significance of group separation was afterwards tested using a randomization test with 999 randomizations.
Randomization is performed using a web based randomization program, based on restricted randomization with allocation clusters of alternating sizes.
Study subjects were randomized to drug regimen groups using a block randomization design.
Instead of using a uniform randomization in [−1,+1] for all datasets, tuning the scaling of the uniform randomization range for each dataset enhances the overall performance.
Randomization by minimization [ 30] was performed by the Comprehensive Cancer Center Limburg using a computerized randomization program (ALEA).
Randomization will be completed using a block randomization procedure with blocks of varying sizes.
The data center generated randomization lists for infants with and without birth asphyxia, using a block randomization procedure (randomization occurred within blocks of 4 or 8).
Analyses using maternal paternal and timing of exposure comparisons, and using a Mendelian randomization approach (in which a genotype was used as a proxy for maternal alcohol consumption), suggested that these paradoxical findings were the result of residual confounding due to the association between higher alcohol use and social advantage in this population.
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