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This can be achieved by using a relationship matrix that combines both pedigree and genomic information (SSMi) Misztal et al. [ 9]).
The data were analyzed with a Reduced Animal Model using a relationship matrix based on pedigree data or on marker genotypes and with a Bayesian method using model averaging.
GBLUP was performed by solving the mixed model equations of an animal model using a relationship matrix estimated from the marker data as the covariance matrix among relatives, following Van Raden [ 27].
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Genomic BLUP (GBLUP) used a relationship matrix, G, estimated from marker data and pedigree BLUP (BLUP) estimated the relationship matrix, A, from pedigree records.
The first model omitted the SNP effects, and used a relationship matrix based on the pedigree retained to estimate the polygenic effects and the polygenic (co variances of traits 1 and 2 (model A).
Among popular methods are the so-called single-step methods, in which marker genotypes are incorporated into a traditional animal model by using a combined relationship matrix that extends the marker-based relationship matrix to non-genotyped animals.
These methods incorporate marker genotypes into a traditional animal model [ 13] by using a combined relationship matrix that extends the marker-based relationship matrix of VanRaden [ 14] to non-genotyped animals, and they have been shown to perform well for genomic evaluation of dairy cattle [ 11, 15], pigs [ 16, 17] and chickens [ 18].
In practical terms, using a genomic relationship matrix is no more difficult than using the traditional numerator relationship matrix derived from a pedigree.
Using a genomic relationship matrix increased the accuracy of breeding values relative to using a pedigree relationship matrix.
The division by 2∑ pi(1 - pi) makes G analogous to the numerator relationship matrix (A). 3) Traditional BLUP which ignores genomic data and relies on information from ancestors using a numerator relationship matrix (A).
All animals were sampled at random and relationship statuses between animals of each population were confirmed using a genomic relationship matrix.
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