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The binding was also quantified using a reference tissue model with white matter as reference.
However, in practice using a reference tissue calibration is complicated by B1 field inhomogeneities associated with surface coils and B0 field inhomogeneity present at air-tissue interfaces, such as the scalp.
Using a reference tissue, such as scalp tissue, to calibrate the tumor DCE curves can in principle allow the tracer kinetic parameters to be determined without the need for a direct AIF measurement [48].
The most accurate way of determining tracer uptake in tissue is to relate this to plasma input, instead of using a reference tissue.
Furthermore, to correlate the regional tracer distribution values obtained with this semi-quantitative method with the data determined using a reference tissue method obtained from a dynamic scan.
The simplest method to quantify tracer uptake is by calculating tumour to non-tumour ratios (T/N) using a reference tissue, which may be difficult to define or may have limited uptake (resulting in a relatively high noise level).
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The image outcome measure distribution volume ratio (DVR) was estimated using a reference tissue-based graphical method for reversible ligands [20].
Brain cortex was used as a reference tissue for the Logan graphical analysis83, because brain cortex expresses lower levels of HDACs 4 and 5 than other structures of the brain47 and has high blood perfusion.
In 3P++ analysis for [11C]PIB, the cerebellum was used as a reference tissue (negligible specific binding).
In [11C]PIB, the gray matter of the cerebellum is usually used as a reference tissue for input function [14].
The results were compared to antioxidant capacity of the liver, used as a reference tissue [7], [8].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com