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Using a reference set comprising all A. thaliana proteins with at least one phosphorylation site, no over- or underrepresented categories could be identified.
Recently, the relative codon usage bias (RCBS) was introduced as a novel CBI able to estimate codon bias without using a reference set.
This comparison was done using a reference set consisting of protein coding sequences available in GenBank that are putatively expressed in the bloodstream stage.
Researchers have also proposed integrating heterogeneous data sources with supervised approaches to predict co-complex protein pairs (protein pairs that belong to the same complex), using a reference set of training complexes.
As a second strategy, a hidden Markov model (HMM) for each of the RNA-binding domains was constructed using a reference set of genes annotated from the "text" based search using hmmbuild in package HMMER version 3.0 [ 106].
In case of GWA meta-analyses, each individual cohort performs its own imputation using a reference set (e.g. HapMap or 1000 Genome) and statistical analysis prior to the combination of results.
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To evaluate the signal detection quality, we used a reference set of true signals.
A strength of our study is that we used a reference set, or gold standard, of articles that could be identified in a following step through a newly developed search strategy and filters.
Being aware of those alternatives, we decided to use a reference set of true signals that was created prospectively during the real-life process of validating SDRs generated by the SSD system.
This uses a reference set of sequences to train a model and then utilizes that model to predict coding regions in the genome of interest.
The CAI index uses a reference set of highly expressed genes from a species to assess the relative merits of each codon, and a score for a gene is calculated from using the frequency of all codons in that gene.
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