The use of widely linear processing brings, when the transmitter uses improper constellations, a performance gain compared to when common strictly linear MMSE processing is used.
Hence, there should not be a performance gain using an approach that integrates the local flexibility of the atom neighborhood.
Using M r =2 antennas provides a performance gain of 3 dB over the single receive antenna case.
The optimal technique using OT offers performance gain at high SNR when the number of interferers is small under the fading condition; however, its performance is degraded by the effect of noise enhancement when the number of receive antennas is relatively small.
An earlier validation study using objectively measured performance gain as the external criterion showed good agreement between the results of the outcome-based tool and actual learning outcome [ 5].
A second area of uncertainty relates to the formula we used to calculate performance gain (see above): Its denominator decreases as initial performance level increases.
Comparison of the simulation results of systems with parity bit selected and permutation spreading shows that when permutation spreading is used, greater BER performance gain is achieved compared to parity bit selected spreading.
Mean student self-assessments were used to calculate performance gain according to the following formulas: Prospective Performance Gain % = μ pretest - μ posttest μ pretest - 1 × 100 Retrospective Performance Gain % = μ thentest - μ posttest μ thentest - 1 × 100 Differences between groups were assessed by χ tests (dichotomous variables) and t-Tests (continuous variables).
Ideally a random interleaver should be used for maximum performance gains, but a random interleaver has a devastating effect on the causality relationship between transmitted and deinterleaved received symbols.
Due to the master worker scheme used, performance gains are observed for two or more worker nodes.
