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We assume that the average large-scale path loss is expressed as a function of the separation distance using a path loss exponent.
Based on the above path loss model and using a maximum allowable path loss of 140 dB, the estimated wireless range for the extra-container communication frequencies are ± 3 km.
The derivation was carried out using a generalized path loss model that accounts for both large and small- scale path loss.
Then they went back home using a narrow foot path.
The simulations use a composite of an exponential path-loss [19] and log-normal fading model.
In [13] and [15], the algorithms for the estimation of the path loss inside a sensor network are designed using previous path loss measurements among sensors.
More detailed analysis of all cases using a chromosome 6 tile-path array confirmed the presence of overlapping regions of loss in only these two cases.
The distance estimation is computed using the path loss model.
In [1], ray-tracing is used for indoor path loss prediction, with a distinction between LoS and NLoS.
The reference path loss is calculated using the free space path loss formula: (27).
To model a urban non-line-of-sight propagation environment, we use the path loss exponent,.
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