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Using a participant completed Finnish diabetes risk score questionnaire or anthropometric cut-off points for risk prestratification was less effective.
In contrast, using a participant completed questionnaire (strategy 4) identified 50% of those who developed a cardiovascular event.
Using a participant completed questionnaire for risk assessment (FINDRISC) was less effective, mainly relating to the questionnaire response rate.
In contrast, inviting people who are overweight and those at high risk using a participant completed questionnaire (strategies 3 and 4) had significantly lower predictive abilities.
Strategies using a participant completed questionnaire (Finnish diabetes risk score) or anthropometric measures as prestratification tools seem to have a lesser impact on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease at the population level.
The population attributable fraction was greatest for strategies using age 50 or more and routine data (60% Cambridge risk score) for identifying people at risk, whereas inviting people who were overweight and those at high risk using a participant completed questionnaire (strategies 3 and 4) had the lowest population attributable fractions.
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Inviting overweight individuals aged ≥ 50 years (Strategy 3) had a NEPP of 8.3, while the strategy using CRS (Strategy 5) had a greater impact than the strategy using a participant-completed FINDRISC questionnaire (Strategy 6) (NEPPs of 7.0 and 4.4, respectively), despite having a similar number needed to screen with HbA1c and number needed to intervene to prevent one new case of diabetes.
A strategy using the participant completed questionnaire (Finnish diabetes risk score as an example) as a prestratification tool would also have a relatively low impact on the prevention of cardiovascular disease in a population.
Family history and personal risk factors were collected using a questionnaire completed by participants at recruitment.
Using a pretest posttest design, participants completed measures of empowerment, continuity of care, quality of life, and satisfaction with services at the start of and again following 3 months of using the booklet.
An example of a generated simulation from a patient and a control participant is shown in Figure 2. Difficulty was also formally assessed using a questionnaire that participants completed after simulating each CF alternative.
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