Sentence examples for using a neutral substitution from inspiring English sources

In their study, the time back to the beginning of domestication of 12,000 years was used as a standard and compared with their model estimated speciation time to estimate population size while we first estimated population size N e by using a neutral substitution rate of 10 − 8 per bp.

Using a neutral nucleotide substitution rate of 0.2%/mya [16], a limit of 5% divergence would contain integrations that occurred around 12.5 mya whereas an integration with a 10% divergence would have occurred around 25 mya.

Using a neutral category.

We first fitted a neutral substitution model to each concatenated alignment of CNEs representing each genomic region using the software phyloFit [ 85].

Since substitutions between physically and chemically similar amino acids tend to preserve the protein structure, a neutral substitution of similar amino acids would keep key residues correctly aligned.

The divergence time was calculated at a neutral substitution rate of 1.5 × 10 8 substitutions per site per year for the chalcone synthase gene (Chs).

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In a second, potentially more accurate approach that was also less confoundable by GRD lateral transfers, we estimated the GRD integration times using the neutral substitution rate inferred for Nicotiana ITS nrDNA sequences.

The divergence time was calculated using the neutral substitution rate of 1.5×10-8 substitutions per site per year for the chalcone synthase gene (Chs) [ 48].