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First, we tested for divergent selection on crypsis using a manipulative field experiment.
Here, we test whether predatory birds can act as agents of frequency-dependent selection on terrestrial salamanders using a manipulative field experiment.
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The study used a manipulative field experiment with plants of the two chemotypes, subjected to controlled levels of herbivory, to assess the effects of larval herbivory on M. fistulosa growth and fitness and P. unipunctata larval growth and survival.
We evaluated elk responses using a manipulative landscape experiment in a 1453-ha enclonure on public forest in northeast Oregon.
Using a manipulative approach, we show that male flour beetles use the chemical cues of rival males left behind on virgin female cuticles to assess sperm competition risk.
A manipulative field experiment using enclosures showed that both competition and predation served as mechanisms of adaptive radiation in Timema stick insects [ 6, 35] and that predation promotes premating isolation [ 36] in walking-sticks.
A manipulative field experiment was designed to investigate the effects of sediment-nutrients and sediment-organic matters on seagrasses, Zostera japonica, using individual and population indicators.
A manipulative field experiment can treat only a small subset of the area or population in question.
Here, we explicitly test with a manipulative field experiment whether great tits enhance the egg-covering in the presence of pied flycatchers.
Here, we test cheaper, alternative methods to traditional hedge laying methods using a multi-site manipulative field experiment.
The supply of detritus is an important food source for many soft-sediment invertebrates, but its importance for their growth and condition is rarely, if ever, tested directly using manipulative field experiments.
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