The composition of exhaust gas from the bioreactor was measured using a gas analyzer (1440C Gas Analyzer, Servomex Co., Inc., Norwood, MA, USA) connected to the interface board to gauge exiting O2 and CO2 levels.
The extracted gas was analyzed using a gas analyzer system combining a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a gas chromatograph.
Actual FiO2 in the helmet was measured using a gas analyzer.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide concentrations in the headspace of the reactor were monitored in dried gas using a gas analyzer (NGA 2000, Rosemount, Chanhassen, MN, USA).
Oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured every 10 s for 10 min during each activity using a gas analyzer (Respironics Novametrix Medical System® inc, NICO 7300, Wallingford, USA and Datex®, Ohmeda, USA).
Respiratory functions were checked using a gas-analyzer.
Heparinized blood samples were immediately examined for Base excess, HCO3-, PCO2 and concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and ionized calcium using a blood gas analyzer (Rapidlab® 865 blood gas analyzer, Bayer Vital GmbH, Fernwald, Germany).
On the first day after surgery, arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2 in kPa) was measured using a blood gas analyzer (ABL-5 10 analyzer; Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark) and the PaO2/FIO2 ratio was calculated as the PaO2/FIO2 ratio.
After randomization the EELV was measured, an airway pressure lung volume curve was obtained (from zero end-expiratory pressure in order to identify the lower inflexion point [LIP]) and blood gases were sampled and analyzed using a blood gas analyzer (ABL 725; Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark).
Blood gases were measured using a blood gas analyzer (ABL 520™ Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark), urea in urine by an enzymatic method using an analyzer (Hitachi 717), serum potassium using a flame photometer (Corning, London, UK) and osmolality using an osmometer (Knauer, Berlin, Germany).
Based on volcanic gas composition measured using a multicomponent gas analyzer system (MultiGAS; Aiuppa et al., 2005; Shinohara, 2005), SO2 flux data, and petro-logical information, Shinohara (2013) suggests that a con-vecting magma column model best explains the degassing mechanism for Shinmoedake, probably occurring after the end of the lava accumulation stage.
