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For each image, the data were flattened using a first order filter to remove sample tilt.
The program is based on a spreadsheet application (Excel, 2013) using a first order kinetics model.
Further, using a first order mean-value approach, a probabilistic formulation is proposed.
The identification is carried out using a first order harmonic balance technique.
A lower limit was likewise found using a first order Markov chain model with a success rate of (39.8 pm5.9%%).
Since the dependency on parameters is not linear, an approximation is made using a first order Taylor expansion.
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Now, let us design a lowpass Δ Σ modulator by using a first-order lowpass Butterworth filter as our weighting function H W [ z].
The robustness is improved by using a first-order filter.
(10) through (15), using a first-order AR model as the process equation.
Then, all the models were refitted using a first-order continuous-time autoregressive error structure.
We achieve this by expanding the image using a first-order Taylor expansion: (13).
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