Hence the distance obtained is not the distance projected on the sea surface, required for unbiased density estimation using a conventional distance sampling approach, but the three-dimensional slant distance with respect to the ship's track line.
The second statistics-based approach represents the shape of a 2D drawing using a distance distribution between two randomly sampled points.
Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on all samples using a distance matrix representing differences in PhyloChip taxon intensities.
Additionally, to prevent inflation of the accuracy statistics due to spatial sorting bias, these statistics were estimated using a pairwise distance sampling procedure (Hijmans, 2012).
On the other hand, DiSGro samples loop conformations using a distance-guided sequential chain growth Monte Carlo sampling strategy and ranks the generated conformations with an energy function specifically designed for loops.
To estimate whale density, we conducted visual line transect surveys along four north-south and four east-west tracklines (i.e., long shore and perpendicular) using standard line-transect methods [22] and analyzed sighting data with Distance (V5.0), using the conventional distance sampling analysis engine [23].
Using line-transect distance sampling techniques, porpoise density and abundance were estimated for each sub-area and survey season.
Larger clusters are often easier to detect than smaller ones, leading to a potential bias when determining population mean cluster size; this is often dealt with using multiple covariate distance sampling (MCDS, see Marques & Buckland, 2003; Marques et al., 2007).
We used distance sampling techniques to account for variability in detection probability to generate more reliable density estimates than unadjusted counts provide.
In order to locate sample neighbors, Relief uses a distance measure, denoted by dist ij.
