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In this paper, the principles of the pseudo-bistable behaviour are first outlined using a discrete truss model.
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Strut-and-tie modelling is a generalisation of the truss analogy in which a structural continuum is transformed into a discrete truss with compressive forces being resisted by concrete and tensile forces by reinforcement.
This procedure relies on solving sequentially two structural optimization problems – the first on a discrete truss-based model and the second on a continuum-based model.
Longitudinal bars of the beam and the column are modelled using discrete truss element.
The efficiency of the three optimization algorithms is tested using classical benchmark discrete truss design problems.
This paper examines, through a numerical analysis, the performance of FRP-to-concrete bonded joints at EST using a new discrete model based on truss elements and shear springs.
The classical shear analysis of Ritter and Mörsch explains the shear behavior in the cracked state by a truss analogy, using a truss with parallel chords with 45° inclined concrete struts and no stresses across the cracks.
The test results were also analyzed by using a compatibility-aided truss model.
If bond-slip of reinforcement is to be considered, the use of discrete truss elements is unavoidable.
The longest span of this type was the Narita Hangar at Tokyo International Airport, which used a tied portal truss to span 190 metres (623 feet) supporting a space-truss roof spanning 90 metres (295 feet).
Its construction, which uses an above-deck truss, contrasts with the below-deck truss of the eastern viaduct, which was completed in 1910 and formed part of the Great Central Railway.
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