However, unsupervised techniques are more exploratory than supervised techniques and subgroups are not modelled using a clinical outcome.
However, owing to regression toward the mean, using a clinical outcome to identify subjects for a study and a related clinical outcome to follow those same subjects over time is not ideal.
This effect can be reduced either by following subjects for a long enough time period (2 years or more) after enrollment or by using a clinical outcome that is not closely related to the outcomes used for enrichment of the subject population.
The outcome measures most commonly used in studies of the effectiveness of ACT/FACT are the number and/or length of hospital admissions ([ 10, 17, 19, 27, 41], but several studies have shown that these outcomes correlate more with the number of available beds than with the service that is being delivered [ 27, 41]. Consequently, the present study used a clinical outcome measure.
Of the 283 studies that fulfilled all entry criteria, 0.4% were cost-benefit analyses, 6% cost-utility analyses, 14% cost-minimization analyses, 18% cost-effectiveness analyses with "life years gained" as outcome measure and 45% were cost-effectiveness analyses that used a clinical outcome as measure of effectiveness.
In particular, it is striking that patient cohorts achieved similar results regardless of whether they had experienced a patellar redislocation when the Kujala score was used as a clinical outcome measure (Balcarek et al. 2016; Erickson et al. 2015).
The IOP measure for each treated eye was used as a clinical outcome measure.
It is a limitation of the analysis that the composite endpoint used is a clinical outcome measure, rather than a quality adjusted life year (QALY) as favoured by economists.
In previous studies, the sum concentrations of clozapine and its metabolite, norclozapine, and the norclozapine to clozapine ratio were also used as a clinical outcome and an index of metabolic activity, respectively.
Conversely, if HRQoL is to be used as a clinical outcome, then it is advisable to include the children's subjective values as proxy report does not appear to be highly correlated with the child's own perceptions.
Conversely, if HRQoL is to be used as a clinical outcome, then it is preferable to include the children's values as proxy report does not appear to be highly correlated with the child's own perceptions.
