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VO2max was estimated as described by Åstrand [29] from each participant's individual heart rate response to a given submaximal workload (i.e. 50 150 W, depending on the participant's weight and self-reported physical activity) using a bicycle ergometer (Monark, Varberg, Sweden) and recorded at steady-state with a heart rate of ≥120 beats/min.
The exercise was performed using a bicycle ergometer with the patient supine.
A submaximal exercise tolerance test was performed using a bicycle ergometer.
Physical fitness was determined using a bicycle ergometer and Åstrand nomogram and estimated through information on heart rate and workload.
Vo2max was measured using a bicycle ergometer exercise protocol by means of an Oxycon Pro System (Jaeger, Höchberg, Germany).
See Additional file 1. Cardiac evaluation included history, physical examination, electrocardiography (ECG), exercise testing using a bicycle ergometer, and echocardiography.
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For this purpose, we used a bicycle ergometer with a possibility of left lateral tilt to facilitate ultrasound measurements (Ergoline GmbH & Co KG, Bitz, Germany).
Aerobic fitness will be determined using a cycle ergometer test (Ergometer 839 E, Varberg, Sweden) [ 58].
Peak VO2 was determined using a cycle ergometer (Rodby, Sweden).
11 15 19 Physical fitness was assessed using a cycle ergometer test.
The use of a bicycle ergometer will be allowed one month after the operation.
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