PPTs were measured bilaterally over trapezius and tibialis anterior muscles using an algometer (Algometer Type 2, Somedic, Hörby, Sweden) with a diameter of the contact area of 10 mm and a pressure applied perpendicular to the skin at a speed of 30 kPa/s; for details see [ 36].
In order to standardize the procedure; the massage was conducted using an algometer head (Digital Algometer Pain Diagnostic Gage, Wagner Instruments, Greenwich, USA) of 0.5 cm in area, with a constant compression power of 9.81 N (1 kG), using spiral movements along the tendon of the long flexor muscle of the fingers, at the plantar surface of 1 cm (on each of the rear extremities) [ 17].
Tenderness of the masticatory and cervical muscles was measured using an algometer.
Muscle tenderness was examined using an algometer (Somedic Production AB, Sollentuna, Sweden), measured in kPa/second [ 28].
The pain threshold was examined by using an algometer (Somedic Production AB, Sollentuna, Sweden), measured in kilopascals (kPa) [ 37].
The degree of primary hyperalgesia was assessed by using an algometer to measure pain upon external pressure on injured lumbar disks.
Pain behavior related to noxious stimuli was completely reversed by the administration of morphine sulfate (6.7 mg/kg) as assessed by vocalization threshold measurements using an algometer (F4,10 = 47.3, P < 0.001).
Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT) was examined at three sites (neck, m. infraspinatus and m. tibialis anterior) using a hand-held algometer (Wagner, FPX algometer, USA) and was registered in kilogram-force (kgf).
The pressure pain threshold (PPT) was measured using a computerized pressure algometer (Medoc AlgoMed, Israel) [10 13, 15].
To evaluate the stability and repeatability of measures of mechanical (nociceptive) thresholds in piglets and to examine potentially confounding factors when using a hand held algometer.
Using a Somedic pressure algometer, PPT was measured thrice at three separate time points i.e., before (baseline), during and after the application of a noxious conditioning cold stimulus (cold pressor test involving immersion of the subject's foot in ice water maintained at 2 4 °C) [37] and non-noxious conditioning stimulus (involving neutral water maintained at 26 28 °C) [15, 38].
