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The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were taken using a Physical Electronic system (Model PHI5600 ESCA, MN, USA) for elemental analysis at room temperature, which was operated in the constant energy pass mode using monochromatic Al Kα X-rays (hυ = 1,486.6 eV).
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All 8 stock bulls had been submitted to a two-stage pre-breeding evaluation involving physical examination and examination of semen collected via electro-ejaculation using a Lane Pulsator IV Electronic Ejaculatord [ 24], 6 weeks before the start of the mating season.
Body weight (kg) was measured using a calibrated electronic scale (Life Measurement Instruments, CA, USA).> On two separate occasions, participants performed a 60-min semi-structured physical activity routine in a climate-controlled laboratory (22 °C).
The participants were weighed using a Filizola electronic scale with 0.1-kg accuracy and measured for height with a wooden height gauge with 0.1-cm accuracy, and underwent a physical examination to detect any potential alterations.
Sections were observed using a transmission electronic microscope (JEOL 100C).
Weight was measured using a Soehnle electronic scale.
Physical activity type, duration and intensity were assessed using a self-report electronic activity diary known as Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adolescents (MARCA) [ 39].
Infections were identified using a previously validated electronic algorithm.
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