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Analytical research uses the deductive methods while the empirical research uses the induction method to arrive at conclusions.
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The first limitation was related to the exclusive use of the deductive method to generate items.
Use the deductive approach if you want to explain quickly.
The focus group transcripts were coded using deductive methods, using the codes derived from the interview data.
The majority of the studies used a literature review (84.7%, n = 89) as the deductive method in item generation.
The deductive method is described as working from the general to the more specific, whereas the inductive method uses a bottom-up approach.
Additionally, students who emphasize the deductive method tend to perform better than those with any other style [13], [17].
In the first step, 35.2% (n = 37) of the studies reported using exclusively deductive methods to write items, 7.6% (n = 8) used only inductive methods, and 56.2% (n = 59) combined deductive and inductive strategies.
These findings, however, differ from previous critical reviews of scale development practices, which found that most of the reported studies used exclusively deductive methods (Hinkin 1995; Kapuscinski and Masters 2010; Ladhari 2010).
It is noteworthy that, although most of the studies included in this review used exclusively deductive methods to generate items, only two studies recognized this as a limitation (Coleman et al. 2011; Song et al. 2011).
We therefore chose to use deductive methods in the qualitative analyses and to describe the process as explicitly as possible.
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