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On the other hand, the SCG algorithm combines a model-trust region approach with the conjugate gradient approach and uses a step size scaling mechanism to avoid time-consuming linear searches [ 23].
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Diffraction patterns were registered in the angular range 10° < 2θ° < 90°, using a step size of 0.03° and a time step of 3 s.
The scanning range was 10° 90° (2θ) using a step size of 0.026° and step time of 37 s at room temperature (25 °C ± 2).
Each spectra measurement was completed using a step size of 0.25 nm, five samples per average, five shots per wavelength, and a frequency of 100 Hz.
This allows for using a step size close to or even larger than μ=1, according to the needs of the considered application scenario.
In addition, using a step size near the upper boundary will guarantee less time to converge; however, working close to the upper boundary of the step size ensures faster convergence, but we have to take the risk of algorithm divergence.
Low-angle diffraction experiments were conducted in a continuous mode over the range of 1° to 10° 2θ using a step size of 0.040° 2θ with a count time/step of 26 s.
Wide-angle diffraction patterns were recorded in the continuous scanning mode over the range 10° to 70° 2θ using a step size of 0.0131° 2θ with a count time/step of 300 s.
As shown in Fig. 7, using a step size of Δt = 10−7, 500 evolution steps were performed for the 2D height data of the PD-AuNPs (Fig. 5a) and PD-AgNPs (Fig. 6a).
Spectra of the respective samples were then taken with a BRUKER Alpha FTIR spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) operated in attenuated total reflection mode from 4000 to 400 cm−1 using a step size of 0.5 cm−1.
In order to investigate the sensitivity with respect to small key changes in more detail, we determine the Hamming distances for varying the vertical parameter of each of the five resolution levels within the interval using a step size of.
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