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The sample-size method in a single-stage Fleming design uses a normal approximation to the binomial distribution, and this helped facilitate the calculations for multiple stage testing.
A potential problem with the weighting method of Laird and Mosteller is that it uses a normal approximation to proportions which might be problematic if the proportions are very small because they might not have a normal distribution anymore [ 33].
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Using a normal approximation the target standard error is approximately.05.05
Statistical comparisons were made of the frequency distributions of the study variables, using a normal approximation of binomial distribution.
The test was referenced for a two-tailed p value, and a 95%% confidence interval was constructed around a sensitivity proportion using a normal approximation method.
The obtained p-values (computed using a normal approximation) were compared to the level of significance α = 0.001, using the Bonferroni correction to account for the multiple comparisons.
Differences in success rates between the treatments were quantified by the 95% confidence interval, calculated using a normal approximation to the binomial distribution.
Therefore, sex differences in the proportion of wild-caught individuals with deformed, damaged or missing body parts (head capsule, maxillae, mandibles, pronotum, hind legs) were tested using a normal approximation to the chi-square test [64].
A similar procedure can be used to distinguish class k from the others: we use
In gray, the posteriors are plotted using a normal approximation based on the Laplace method.
Hence using a normal approximation for these statistics is generally inadequate.
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